doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.017
Copyright © 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Aerially applied verbenone-releasing laminated flakes protect Pinus contorta stands from attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae in California and Idaho
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N.E. Gillettea, 
, 
, N. Erbilginb, h, J.N. Websterc, L. Pedersond, S.R. Moria, J.D. Steine, 1, D.R. Owenf, K.M. Bischelg, h and D.L. Woodh
aUSDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station, Berkeley, CA 94701, United States
bDepartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
cTotal Forestry, Anderson, CA 96007, United States
dUSDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Coeur d’Alene, ID 83815, United States
eUSDA Forest Service Forest, Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
fCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Redding, CA 96002, United States
gOpus Environmental, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
hDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
Received 14 May 2008;
revised 11 December 2008;
accepted 12 December 2008.
Available online 21 January 2009.
Abstract
We tested a new formulation of verbenone, an antiaggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), for area-wide protection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) stands in the western United States. Helicopter applications of verbenone-releasing laminated flakes were made at the rate of 370 g of active ingredient/ha to two sites, one in California and one in Idaho, during summer 2005. Each site consisted of five 20.23-ha treated plots and five matching 20.23-ha untreated plots. We assessed D. ponderosae flight into study plots using traps baited with aggregation pheromones and we tallied D. ponderosae attack rates on P. contorta trees in treated and control plots before and after application. There were no significant differences between numbers of D. ponderosae trapped on treated and control plots. However, a significantly smaller proportion of P. contorta trees was attacked in treated plots than in control plots at both sites; the attack rate in untreated stands was roughly three times that of treated stands in both California and Idaho, even at this low application rate. Furthermore, attack rate in 2004 was a significant explanatory variable for the response in 2005 regardless of treatment in both California and Idaho. There was no significant treatment effect at either site on attraction of Temnochila chlorodia (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) Mannerheim, a key predator of D. ponderosae, to the prey aggregation pheromone.
Keywords: Mountain pine beetle; Lodgepole pines; Forest pest management; Pheromones; Semiochemicals; Antiaggregation; Scolytidae; Bark beetles; Temnochila chlorodia
Fig. 1. Approximate distribution of Dendroctonus ponderosae in North America (reprinted from Amman et al., 1990).
Fig. 2. Timber cruise sampling scheme (gray bands indicate strip-cruise transects; black circles indicate fixed-radius plots).
Fig. 3. Attack rate in 2005 (with 95% CL) in California and Idaho as function of 2004 D. ponderosae attack rates, with 95% confidence intervals shown as dashed lines.
Fig. 4. Response of Dendroctonus ponderosae (A) and Temnochila chlorodia (B) to traps baited with mountain pine beetle aggregation pheromone, California, 2005.
Fig. 5. Response of Dendroctonus ponderosae (A) and Temnochila chlorodia (B) to traps baited with mountain pine beetle aggregation pheromone, Idaho, 2005.
Table 1.
Stand structure characteristics and pre- and post-treatment attack rates in treated and control plots in California and Idaho, measured in 2005.
Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at experiment-wise error rate, α = 0.05.
a S.E., standard error.
Table 2.
Estimates of the regression coefficients for previous year (2004) attack rate and treatment comparisons in California and Idaho, 2005.
a Ratio of proportion of control trees attacked to proportion of treated trees attacked.
Corresponding author at: USDA FS, PSW Research Station, P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Address for courier deliveries: USDA FS, PSW Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street, West Annex, Albany, CA 94710, USA. Tel.: +1 510 559 6474; fax: +1 510 559 6440.
1 Retired.
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